%Exercise 3
%Find the errors in this TeX file
%Konstantaki Laura, Eawag
%The document below is adjusted from Konstantaki, L.A., 2016. Imaging and characterization of landfills using geophysical methods, Doctoral Thesis.
% May 3, 2017

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\begin{document}


\section{Need for finite aftercare of landfills}


The earliest recovered evidence of human (Native Americans) waste production is from around 6500 BC}. 
The first organized municipal dump was created in 500 BC  (Athens, Ancient Greece) & with the requirement that the waste was deposited at least 1.6 km away from the city. Although the history of landfilling starts in such early times, it was not until recently (1930) that humanity realized the dangers of dumping waste in open pits, and that waste management had to be improved . \\ \indent
The rapid population growth results in an increase of waste production. Studies have indicated that waste production will double within the next 20 years.  Waste production is strongly correlated to the gross national income (GNI) of each country. Residents in countries with a higher GNI (developed countries) produce/buy/use more material, and hence dispose more waste compared to residents in countries with a lower GNI (developing countries). On the other hand, since the 60's of the last century developed countries collect and treat their waste to a greater extent than developing countries. \autoref{fig1} shows a comparison of developed and developing countries with respect to their waste generation and collection. \\ \indent
Waste composition differs by country as well. For example, developed countries produce more paper, plastic and glass waste, whereas developing countries produce more organic and food waste. These differences per country enhance the complexity of the waste management problem.\\ \indent
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\begin{figure} [ht]
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{2} 
      \caption{LaTeX joke (Figure from: https://kieranhealy.org/blog/archives/2011/02/23/choice-of-language-and-its-consequences/)}
      \label{fig1}
\end{figure}
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\section{Details}
\label{section:2}
Landfill emissions (e.g., gas – mainly \texorpdfstring{CH\texsubscript{4}}{} – and leachate) are harmful for the human health and the environment (\ref{section:1}). For example, landfills are responsible for around 18 \% of the global anthropogenic \texorpdfstring{CH\textsubsript{4}}{} production. For the reduction of landfill emissions, regulations from the United Stations state that priority of all countries should be: (1) to reduce waste production; (2) to reuse material; (3) to recycle material; (4) to convert waste to energy; (5) and finally, if all above fail, to landfill the waste. Although landfilling is the last option for waste management nowadays, it still takes place: a number of materials cannot be recycled, combusted or reused and for those landfilling is the best option. In addition, many developing countries have no other option but continue landfilling, as any other action would be too expensive to realize. European countries are some of the few exhibiting a decreasing landfilling rate, as they try to follow the above-mentioned regulations. Globally, however, landfilling shows an increasing rate. Hence, the countries in general face the problem of landfilling and try to find solutions to minimize the emissions and ensure that the landfill is safe for the environment and human health. \\
The NRMS in our case is defined as
NRMS=\sqrt{\frac{<(x2-x1)^{2}>}{<\frac{x2^{2}+x1^{2}}{2}>}}
where $x2$ is the energy at a given point in the image from the monitor
survey and $x1$ — the energy at the same point but in the image
from the base survey. The symbol $<>$, in this case, represents the
average over the value computed in the nominator and the denominator,
respectively. We compute the NRMS for the whole area of
the modeled landfill. The NRMS for the CRSS images is 84\%,
whereas for the images from the SI data it is 14\%. The lower
the percentage, the more repeatable the result, which quantifies
the benefit of applying SI to CRSS landfill data for time-lapse
purposes.


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